When a nation provides international aid for medical supplies and doctors it can gain allies around the world. Refusing aid builds resentment.
In Ethiopia, politician Shumete Gizaw hands over a box of medical supplies to Minister of Health Lia Tadesse, part of a supply of Covid-19 prevention and treatment supplies from China to be distributed to countries throughout Africa, 22 March 2020. (AP Photo/Mulugeta Ayene)
Editor’s note: On 18 June 2026, the U.S. government announced it would end assistance to South Africa for the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Meanwhile, a new program to provide health assistance throughout Africa has been met with resistance from some countries, particularly Zambia and Ghana, because the Trump Administration has tied some of it to the purchasing of pharmaceuticals and medical services from U.S. companies. Zambia has also objected to conditions that would tie the aid to mineral extraction contracts for U.S. mining companies.
Medical aid is a form of “soft power” — ways that powerful nations create a reputation for world leadership and gain international allies. While the United States has reduced and restricted its aid, China has done the opposite. As as result, a Gallup News poll recently showed how China’s image in many African nations has increased while that of the United States has decreased.
To help understand the importance of soft power, we republish a story by author David Schlesinger, first published in April 2020 at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, that explored how China used the soft power of medical aid to Italy as a response to the blame it was receiving as the initial spreader of Covid-19.
We launched Decoder Replay to help readers better understand current world events by seeing how our correspondents decoded similar events in the past.
At the beginning of March, as the coronavirus crisis began to ravage Italy, Rome’s ambassador to the European Union wrote pointedly on the Politico news site that only a far-away friend, well outside the bloc, had pledged aid.
Although the European Commission had asked member states to help Italy, Maurizio Massari wrote that “unfortunately, not a single EU country responded to the Commission’s call. Only China responded bilaterally. Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity.”
Two days after the article, the first Chinese plane with help landed in Italy. This was a potent symbol of China’s ability and willingness to assist — and also a sign that China knows it has a big problem with perceptions about the coronavirus, over and above the human and economic toll.
“Chop Flue-y,” “The Wuhan Virus,” “The Chinese Virus” — from school children’s taunts to the president of the United States’ official utterances, China, the country where the disease first appeared, has faced criticism and blame.
Accused of fudging statistics and of making the original problem worse because of a lack of transparency and even lies, China has responded with bluster, anger and aid — shipping masks, equipment and doctors to hot spots around the world.
China has made ‘soft power’ a major effort in past years.
China’s aid missions get huge publicity at home in the state-controlled media. They also get covered in the Western press, but it is an open question whether that can quickly turn sentiment towards China positive again.
The shift to negative public opinion about China is a blow to Beijing, which has made “soft power” a major effort in past years, spending vast sums of money to bolster its image to match its status as the second-largest economic power in the world.
“Soft power” is a term advanced by American political scientist Joseph Nye, who argued that in addition to the hard power of armies, countries need the soft power of their reputations to get what they want and need.
Soft power stems broadly from culture, political values and policies. For example, the pervasive popularity of American TV shows and movies helps present the United States as a place that people around the world want to go to and imitate. In many poorer countries eager for assistance, China’s multi-billion dollar Belt-and-Road infrastructure initiative positions Beijing as a helpful and important ally.
China is not the only country trying to project soft power, of course, and not the only one to try to win some with the fight over the virus.
When Russia sent aid to Italy, the trucks were bedecked with heart-shaped stickers that declared, in Italy’s national colors, “From Russia With Love.” And when Moscow sent aid to the United States — a country more used to giving aid than receiving it — President Donald Trump said it was “very nice.” That’s about as big a soft power win as one can get.
It’s up to us to evaluate what we are seeing.
Soft power symbolism is just that: symbolism. Whether the symbols ever take on a life of their own depends firstly on how they are reported and presented, and secondly on how viewers and readers look at what they see.
It is the nature of the news business that they will get reported. Planes carrying aid, equipment, doctors and nurses — that’s good video. When Cuban doctors landed in Lombardy and waved Italian and Cuban flags for the cameras on arrival, that was a great — albeit cheesy — picture that was bound to get used somewhere.
But it is up to viewers and readers to evaluate what they see and put it in context, just as they must put American TV series in context and decide if the “Friends” sitcom series is a realistic ideal of New York life that one should aspire to. So must we put China’s Belt and Road program into context and decide whether the projects are worthwhile deals and delivering on their promises.
Hard power isn’t a slam dunk. Just because you have the biggest army doesn’t mean you’ll win the war. Soft power isn’t a slam dunk, either. Viewers get seduced by the promise of a great culture only if the pledge is backed up by facts and isn’t contradicted by other things they know.
After the humanitarian, medical and financial crises caused by the coronavirus, every country will have to re-evaluate how it wants to be seen. As news consumers, we will have to re-evaluate what we’re seeing and what images we’re actually buying.
(Note: In my consulting practice, I have advised media companies from around the world, including from China.)
Questions to consider:
1. What countries do you think have the best “soft power”?
2. Did the coronavirus change your opinion about China?
3. Do you think soft power is important, or is it only important to have a strong military?
David Schlesinger is the Founder and Managing Director of Tripod Advisors, a consultancy that advises on political risk analysis and strategy, and on running complex, dispersed global organizations with an emphasis on China and the media sector. He previously was Reuters’ global editor-in-chief before becoming chairman of Thomson Reuters China, responsible for government relations and businesses in financial markets, legal and regulatory databases, scientific information and journalism.