The island of Barbados has been calling on wealthy nations to fund climate change solutions to mitigate the harm that disproportionately affects small nations.
A demonstrator displays hands that read “pay up” during a protest for climate finance at the COP29 U.N. Climate Summit, 23 November 2024, in Baku, Azerbaijan. (AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool)
Editor’s note: COP29, the United Nation’s gathering of nations on climate change actions and funding, ended 22 November with a pledge that wealthy nations will pay a total of $300 billion a year in grants and low-interest loans to poor nations to mitigate the effects of climate change and transition to a low carbon economy.
But this was seen as insufficient; the poorer nations, led in part by the small nation of Barbados, had called on their wealthier counterparts to pledge more than a trillion dollars per year. In this Decoder Replay, we republish a story by correspondent Susanne Courtney, originally published September 2023, that explains the Bridgetown Initiative — a proposal for a restructuring of global finance to help small nations adapt to climate change. We launched Decoder Replay to help readers better understand current world events by seeing how our correspondents decoded similar events in the past.
Climate change is affecting the world in all kinds of ways. But while wealthy countries can afford the necessary investments to address and mitigate the effects of climate-related events and adapt their economies, low and middle-income nations don’t have those resources.
For many developing nations, much-needed investments are financially impossible when they already have too much debt to pay and the interest rates they pay on that debt are higher than those wealthy countries would pay.
That’s where the Bridgetown Initiative comes in.
It was proposed at the 2022 session of the United Nations General Assembly by Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley. Her plan, the most comprehensive restructuring of the system for global finance since 1944 and updated this spring, proposes a set of reforms and calls for a tripling of low-interest loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries and the setting up of a fund to mitigate and rebuild after natural disasters.
Mottley became the voice for developing nations and, particularly, island states such as Barbados who face the immediate perils of climate change but contribute little to global warming.
Moving a slow world to take fast action on climate change
Before that, there was little political will to move on finance reforms, said Bianca Getzel, Research Officer at the London-based think tank ODI. “[Bridgetown] gave political leaders the will to move ahead with bigger discussions. [It] gave us the impetus to think outside of the box … The timing was right.”
Avinash Persaud, Mottley’s climate finance envoy and the economist and architect of the Bridgetown Initiative, has said that reform plans are gaining support because they fill a policy vacuum over how to fund climate change actions around the world.
Getzel said that with Bridgetown, smart people with new ideas are taking part in the discussions. “Avinash Persaud and the rest of the staff are penetrating policy spaces in less flashy ways, Getzel said. “The ideas don’t always resonate but do force [governments and banks] to consider and propose better ideas.”
The fight to restructure the financial architecture of multilateral development banks (MDBs) — the banking institutions that lend to national governments — is a battle to unlock billions and even trillions of dollars in climate change and sustainable development funding on terms that do not hold developing countries hostage to debt repayments.
More money from wealthy nations is necessary for these big banks to increase lending and grants to low-income nations. Bridgetown also calls for new long-term, low-cost lending to middle-income countries where 70% of the world’s poor live.
Funding climate change action won’t be cheap.
The sums needed are significant. Noted economists, including Vera Songwe, estimate that developing countries require at least $350 billion more annually to combat and adapt to climate change.
Mottley calls the current financial system that governs the multilateral development banks outdated. She argues that the issues today are equally urgent as those in 1944, but also different.
That’s when world leaders gathered in a place called Bretton Woods in the U.S. state of New Hampshire to create the banking institutions — including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank — to fund the rebuilding of Europe after WWII.
Now, the entire planet is in peril.
Bridgetown has had a few big wins. Much of the discussion at the June Paris Summit for a New Global Financing Pact centred on the key requests of developing nations framed through the Bridgetown Initiative.
The big banks are willing to make big changes.
The World Bank and other financial organisations have said they will start adding clauses to lending terms that allow vulnerable states to suspend debt repayments when natural disaster strikes.
At the opening segment of 2023 UN General Assembly’s Summit on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Mottley said that calls for international financial reform are about more than governance.
“But for us, they are about longer money, cheaper money and being able to use it,” Mottley said. “To reduce … inequalities and achieve the SDGs.”
Lindsay Wallace is senior vice president of Strategy and Impact at MEDA, an international NGO specializing in economic development in agriculture. She said Mottley remains a force in reforming global finance to tackle climate change. Key to her success, “is her personal credibility, integrity and viewpoint as a leader from the Global South.”
The three months from June to August 2023 were the hottest the planet has ever seen. Wildfires, catastrophic flooding, droughts and hurricanes are becoming more destructive and more common. The stakes are high for everyone.
Mottley will need all her strengths as a leader when the world gathers in November for COP28, the UN Climate Change Conference, when the staying power of the Bridgetown Initiative will be seen.
Questions to consider
- How are small countries like Barbados particularly at risk from climate change?
- What are some of the proposals put forth by the Bridgetown Initiative?
- Do you think that wealthier nations have a responsibility to pay for the natural disasters ? Why?
Susanne Courtney is a freelance journalist and writer based in Canada. A former Fellow in Global Journalism at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, her writing focuses primarily on international affairs, international development and development finance. Recently she authored the 2021 State of the Sector Report on Canada’s Impact Investing in Emerging and Frontier Markets.
How are small countries like Barbados particularly at risk from climate change?
Because they are in an island, where the sea can put them under it and suffocate them.
What are some of the proposals put forth by the Bridgetown Initiative?
More lending and more cheap interests from these lendings.
Do you think that wealthier nations have a responsibility to pay for the natural disasters ? Why?
Well, not neccesarily wealthier nations, but the more contaminator countries should take responsibility.
A note the author: We cannot dismiss Bridgetown 3.0. At COP29, Bridgetown emphasized that financial reforms are critical but only a starting point for systemic changes necessary to safeguard vulnerable economies and the global commons. The initiative’s broader impact hinges on sustained advocacy and multilateral action in the coming years to promote capital flows to countries where it is most needed and provide multi-year debt relief when disaster strikes. The goal is to narrow the financing gap, estimated at $1.8 trillion annually for climate finance-related investments, and $1.2 trillion to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Further, a critical campaign goal for Bridgetown 3.0 is to give developing countries a strong voice in the governance and decision-making of international financial institutions, starting with the World Bank.